Highlights

SGH reports are highly valued for helping clients understand and stay ahead of the news cycle on central banks and macro policy events that drive the global economies and financial markets.

SGH Macro Advisors hosts occasional roundtables and events for clients and senior policymakers. Contact us for more information.

2026
April 08, 2026
SGH Insight

The second important implication is that the dispute today over whether the cease-fire includes Israel’s attacks on Hezbollah in Lebanon, which have continued and led to Iran halting the passage of ships through Hormuz, may be in the rear-view mirror sooner rather than later, despite the hard anti-Israel rhetoric emanating today out of an emboldened leadership in Iran.

We are not sure how this is resolved but assume the massive step up overnight of Israeli attacks on Lebanon reflects a desire to create as much of a buffer space on the border before the US weighs in to curtail further strikes.

Market Validation

Bloomberg 4/9/26

President Trump called Benjamin Netanyahu yesterday and asked him to scale back Israel’s strikes in Lebanon to ensure the success of the Iran negotiations,NBC reports, citing an unidentified senior administration official.

  • Israel agreed “to be a helpful partner,” the official tells NBC

@BarakRavid

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu: In light of Lebanon’s repeated requests to open direct negotiations with Israel, I instructed yesterday to begin direct negotiations with Lebanon as soon as possible

Read Full Report
April 06, 2026
SGH Insight

As relayed from Beijing:

To prevent the ongoing US-Israel war against Iran from escalating into a regional war or even drawing in China, Russia, and European nations, Beijing and Moscow have recently engaged in intensive diplomatic consultations regarding the situation in the Middle East. China’s president Xi Jinping and Russia’s president Vladimir Putin have each, through special channels, attempted to persuade US President Donald Trump and Iran’s new Supreme Leader Mojtaba Khamenei to implement an immediate ceasefire and return to the negotiating table.

The strongest signals Xi and Putin sent to Trump and Khamenei were, respectively, do not launch a ground war against Iran, and do not close the Strait of Hormuz.

Market Validation

Bloomberg 4/8/26

A Chinese diplomat said Beijing had made its
“own efforts” in pushing for a ceasefire between the US and
Iran, shortly after Donald Trump credited China with playing a
pivotal role in that deal.
Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Mao Ning on Wednesday
listed the efforts her country had made in recent weeks to
deescalate the conflict at a regular briefing in Beijing,
without directly addressing reports China helped convince Tehran
to reach the truce.
“China has consistently advocated for a ceasefire and to
resolve the conflict through political and diplomatic means, and
to achieve long-term stability in the Gulf and Middle East
region,” she said, when asked about the detente. “China made its
own efforts in this regard.”

Read Full Report
April 05, 2026
SGH Insight

The Fed finds itself in a policy bind of its own making, having misjudged both the resilience of the labor market and the persistence of inflation, errors compounded by cutting rates too aggressively in 2025. With the March jobs report showing continued labor market strength and inflation running well above target, rate cuts are effectively off the table for the foreseeable future, with SGH assigning a limited probability to a cut in 2026.

Market Validation

WASHINGTON (AP) 4/8/26

The number of Federal Reserve policymakers willing to consider an interest rate hike this year rose between the January and March meetings, as higher gas prices stemming from the Iran war threatened to worsen inflation in the coming months.

Minutes of the Fed’s March 17-18 meeting, released Wednesday, showed that “some” of the central bank’s 19 policymakers on its rate-setting committee supported changing their post-meeting statement to reflect the potential for a future rate hike. That is an an increase from “several” in January. The Fed doesn’t disclose precise numbers of how many officials supported each position, but in Fed jargon, ‘some’ is considered more than ‘several.’

And “many” of the officials pointed to the risk that higher oil and gas prices could keep inflation elevated for “longer than expected, which could call for rate increases” to push inflation back down.

Read Full Report
March 29, 2026
SGH Insight

Bottom Line: The Fed is stuck in a “wait and see” mode as the inflationary consequences of the Iran conflict push discussion of rate cuts not just to the back burner, but off the stove entirely. The Fed, however, would need to see a hotter labor market, and with that the threat of second order impacts on inflation from the oil shocks, before a discussion of rate hikes can begin in earnest. 

Market Validation

Wall Street Journal 3/30/26

Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell said Monday the central bank is inclined to hold rates steady and look past the energy shock from the war in Iran but cautioned that it might not be able to sit on the sidelines if rising prices begin to shift the public’s expectations about inflation over time.

Powell said energy disruptions have historically been short-lived and that the standard central-banking response is to wait them out. But he said the Fed couldn’t take that for granted after years of elevated inflation, and that officials would be watching closely for any signs the public is starting to expect persistently higher prices.

“You can have a series of these supply shocks and that can lead the public generally — businesses, price setters, households — to start expecting higher inflation over time. Why wouldn’t they?” Powell said.

Powell tiptoed away from saying how the Fed would answer that riddle. “We will eventually maybe face the question of what to do here. We’re not really facing it yet because we don’t know what the economic effects will be,” he said during a question-and-answer session with undergraduate students at Harvard University’s introductory economics course.

Read Full Report
March 26, 2026
SGH Insight

The US-Israeli war with Iran is unlikely to deter the Bank of Japan (BOJ) from nudging its policy rate to 1% at its April 27-28 meeting, despite topline slower inflation in February and the detail from the BOJ’s January policy meeting that showed Board members still agonizing over whether to declare inflation at target.

We’ve repeatedly written that the April meeting remains fully live for a 25 basis-point increase to 1%, and that we expect the BOJ will consider another move likely in July as well as a possible third move later this year (see SGH 2/24/26; “BOJ: Reported Caution Won’t Block April Hike”).

Though the timing of rate moves subsequent to April has been thrown into flux by the Middle East conflict, which sent oil prices surging, the BOJ will be even more keen to prevent energy costs from seeping into inflation expectations.

Market Validation

Bloomberg 3/30/26

The Bank of Japan’s policy board presented a
hawkish posture in a summary of opinions aired during their
meeting earlier this month, with one member hinting at the
possibility of having to respond to the Middle East conflict
with a bigger rate hike than those recently undertaken.
“If there are no signs of a significant deterioration in
the economic environment or in the wage setting stance of small
firms, the bank will need to raise the policy interest rate
without hesitation,” one of nine board members said, according
to a summary of the March 18-19 meeting released Monday.

Read Full Report
March 24, 2026
SGH Insight

There is not yet convincing evidence that the labor market is deteriorating. Absent such deterioration, the Fed will be challenged to cut policy rates when inflation is running well above target year after year. That said, labor market data is neither unambiguously strong nor weakOn the “good news” side of the ledger is near-steady labor demand as measured by job openings, steady jobless claims indicating layoffs remain low, and ongoing wage growth above the pre-pandemic pace. On the “bad news” side of the ledger is weak and narrow job growth, a steady to slowly rising unemployment rate, a continued low job-finding rate, dour worker perceptions of the labor market, and an indication that payrolls last summer were overstated.

Market Validation

Bloomberg 4/7/26

US job growth rebounded in March and the unemployment rate unexpectedly fell, suggesting the labor market was stabilizing as the Iran war began.

Nonfarm payrolls rose 178,000 last month, the most since the end of 2024, after revisions showed a sharper decline in February, according to Bureau of Labor Statistics data out Friday. That was higher than all estimates in a Bloomberg survey.

The solid increase will likely reinforce the Federal Reserve’s focus on inflation risks amid a rapid run-up in energy prices sparked by the war in Iran.

The outsize increase in payrolls in March followed a revised 133,000 drop in the prior month, which marked one of the biggest declines since the pandemic. But on average, payrolls rose 68,000 in the first three months of this year, the strongest run in almost a year.

Read Full Report
March 19, 2026
SGH Insight

The Bank of England’s (BOE) threshold to a rate hike is high and only if there are signs of energy-driven inflation feeding into expectations and wage-setting behaviour would the Bank hike rates, in June or August.

In a clear gesture to its inflation mandate, the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) set aside its pre-Iran majority preference to cut rates, and voted unanimously to pause policy at 3.75% where it will likely stay for some months.

Members don’t want to hike but they will if inflation dynamics worsen in a persistent way.

While tightening remains conditional on clear evidence of inflation persistence, to us, the balance of risks suggests a hike may ultimately not be required if the energy shock proves temporary and second-round effects fail to materialize.

Market Validation

Reuters – London – 4/1/26

Bank of England Governor Andrew Bailey said on Wednesday that markets were still getting ahead of themselves by pricing in ​interest rate hikes by the central bank in response to the ‌hit to the British economy from the Iran war.

“(The market)’s still pricing us to raise rates. I would still ​say that is a ​judgment markets have ⁠to make but I think they’re getting ahead of themselves,” Bailey said.

Read Full Report
March 15, 2026
SGH Insight

Powell will be challenged to strike a dovish tone in the press conference. Rising energy prices will only further antagonize Fed hawks, who at the January FOMC meeting argued in favor of a statement that emphasized two-sided risks to the outlook. Powell downplayed any discussion of rate hikes at the January press conference, but journalists can push the question more directly this week. Powell will likely stress that with policy near neutral it is well positioned to manage the risks to both sides of the Fed’s mandate, although presumably that means hiking rates if necessary.

We expect only one dissent. We think rising oil prices provide space for both Governor Chris Waller and Vice Chair of Supervision Michelle Bowman to support holding policy despite their concerns about the job market. It’s one thing to look through higher headline inflation and not hike rates. It’s another thing to cut rates into higher headline inflation with core inflation above 3%. That’s just like embracing the 1970s. Similarly, reverse engineering an inflation forecast to maintain a one cut baseline in the SEP is also like embracing the 1970s. We expect Governor Stephen Miran to dissent. When you only have a hammer, everything is a nail.

Market Validation

Bloomberg 3/18/26

Treasuries came under selling pressure on Wednesday, led by the front-end of the curve after the Federal Reserve held rates steady in an 11-1 vote, while upgrading growth projections and still forecasting one cut by the end of this year. In the press conference, Chair Jerome Powell said there couldn’t be rate cuts until there is progress on inflation and didn’t rule out potential for rate hikes in the future, though that’s not a base case for the Fed

Bloomberg 3/18/26

*FED SAYS GOVERNOR STEPHEN MIRAN DISSENTS IN FAVOR OF RATE CUT

Read Full Report
March 13, 2026
SGH Insight

The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) will likely pull forward a 25‑basis‑point rate hike to next week, completing the reversal of last year’s 75‑point easing cycle.

Soaring oil prices have added another layer of inflation risk to the Bank’s outlook, already strained by hotter‑than-expected activity and a tight labor market, with headline inflation at 3.8% and underlying inflation 3.4% in Q4 2025.

The RBA board’s language shift last meeting, from confidence in disinflation to concern about renewed price momentum spurred a higher cash rate path priced by markets.

It was solidified by Australia’s “Big Four” commercial banks all pivoting, to a March hike call from May, reflecting that the RBA wanted expectations pulled forward.

Validation

Market Validation

Bloomberg 3/17/26

Australia’s central bank raised its key
interest rate for a second straight meeting on Tuesday, stepping
up its battle against stubborn inflation as rising energy costs
from the widening war in Iran threaten to intensify price
pressures.
The Reserve Bank’s nine-member policy committee split five-
to-four in favor of raising the cash rate to 4.1% from 3.85%.
This was the first back-to-back hike since mid-2023 and reverses
two of the three cuts delivered last year.

Read Full Report
March 12, 2026
SGH Insight

More controversial, we have sensed and written that there may be more than meets the eye to the speculation, including by senior military analysts like retired Lt. General Keith Kellogg, that US special forces may take over the southern strip of Iranian territory overlooking Hormuz and potentially even Iran’s Kharg Island terminal.

We believe the extreme degradation of Iranian defensive capabilities has left that as a realistic option, even as it, in essence, reflects doubling down on the conflict and all the political ramifications that come with it.

This all clearly increases the risk of further incidents, but results in a far more secure eventual outcome, and definable time frame.

Market Validation

Bloomberg 3/14/26

The US struck military sites on Kharg
Island, from which Iran exports almost all its oil, for the
first time overnight, upping the ante in a Middle East war
that’s raged for more than two weeks and shows little sign of
easing.
President Donald Trump said military facilities on the
Persian Gulf island had been “obliterated,” adding that he chose
not to hit oil infrastructure “for reasons of decency.” He
threatened to do just that should Iran “do anything to interfere
with the Free and Safe Passage of Ships through the Strait of
Hormuz.”

Axios 3/20/26

The Trump administration is considering plans to occupy or blockade Iran’s
Kharg Island to pressure Iran to reopen the Strait of Hormuz, four sources
with knowledge of the issue tell Axios.

Read Full Report
March 09, 2026
SGH Insight

Bottom Line: The ECB will remain on hold while assessing the magnitude and durability of the impact US-Israeli strikes on Iran have on energy prices. Traders are hearkening to former ECB President Jean-Claude Trichet’s use of the term “vigilance” that was followed by a policy error rate hike, but this ECB is not about to hike rates if and until there is clear evidence of the need to do so. The length and depth of the crisis, and broader economic backdrop, will determine whether the GC can look through the current upheaval. With the hawks, rightly, having put an end to the rate cut cycle at 2%, and inflation at target, ECB officials believe policy is appropriate. While we agree with ECB officials that it will need to be vigilant to potential changes in the medium-term inflation outlook, these will need to be clear and non-trivial to elicit a rate hike. Our call is for no hike through 2026.

Market Validation

Bloomberg 3/10/26

European bonds rebounded on Tuesday as traders seized on a drop in energy prices to dial back the extreme moves seen at the start of the week.

Italian bonds led the recovery in the euro area as 10-year yields slid five basis points to 3.56%. Markets now price fewer than 25 basis points of monetary tightening from the European Central Bank, compared with more than a half percentage point at one stage on Monday.

Read Full Report
March 08, 2026
SGH Insight

The path forward hinges on the next three months of labor and inflation data, with the Fed likely to remain on hold in March and April while keeping June in play — a calculus that could shift quickly if the energy shock proves more persistent or the labor market deteriorates faster than expected.

Market Validation

MT Newswires 3/18/26

The Federal Open Market Committee kept the Federal Funds rate target unchanged at 3.50% to 3.75%, its statement Wednesday afternoon showed.

The policy committee’s vote was mostly unanimous, with Governor Stephen Miran being the lone dissenter, preferring to lower the target range for the Fed Funds rate by 25 basis points.

Read Full Report
March 05, 2026
SGH Insight

Bottom Line:The SNB will use FX interventions to prevent a stronger franc from lowering inflation below the 0%-2% target, with Swiss officials continuing to resist cutting interest rates below 0% at their March 19 meetingThe board is willing to look through negative inflation prints this year because it continues to expect inflation to be on target over the medium term.

Market Validation

Bloomberg 3/19/26

The Swiss National Bank restated its heightened readiness to sell the franc as officials held back again from the more drastic step of cutting borrowing costs into negative territory.

Policymakers led by President Martin Schlegel left their benchmark at zero on Thursday for the third consecutive meeting, as predicted unanimously by economists. Officials kept up their commitment to sell the currency if required to prevent its gains from weighing too much on inflation.

“A rapid and excessive appreciation of the Swiss franc poses a risk to price stability,” Schlegel told reporters in Zurich. “To counter this risk, our willingness to intervene in the foreign exchange market has increased.”

Read Full Report
February 24, 2026
SGH Insight

Bottom line: A report that Japan’s PM Sanae Takaichi expressed caution in her meeting with the BOJ’s Kazuo Ueda may reflect concern over the pace of rate hikes but not likely the direction of policy. The BOJ remains committed to data-dependent normalization, with April fully live for a 25 bps increase, a further move likely in July, and a potential third adjustment later this year if inflation and wage momentum persist. Headline noise should not be interpreted as a change in the Bank’s underlying trajectory.

Market Validation

Bloomberg 3/19/20

Bank of Japan Governor Kazuo Ueda kept the
possibility of an April interest rate hike on the table after
leaving policy unchanged Thursday amid uncertainty over the
impact of the Middle East conflict on the economic outlook.
Speaking at a press briefing after the central bank’s
decision he said that downward pressure on the economy stemming
from the impact of the hostilities would likely be temporary.
“Even if economic growth were to decline, if that
development is temporary and there’s not so much impact on the
trajectory of the price trend then of course it will be possible
to raise interest rates,” he said.

Read Full Report
February 09, 2026
SGH Insight

The Bank of Canada (BOC) validated our out-of-consensus call at its January policy meeting by pivoting decisively toward trade risks, reviving an easing bias even as it held the policy rate steady at 2.25%.

While the Bank stopped short of signaling an imminent cut, renewed tariff threats and trade-related uncertainty have effectively taken any near-term tightening off the table and raised the downside risk to growth, investment, and confidence.

Governor Tiff Macklem made clear in his post-meeting press conference that trade developments are already weighing on business investment and household sentiment, reinforcing a policy stance that keeps the Bank firmly on hold for the coming months.

Market Validation

Bloomberg 3/18/26

The Bank of Canada held interest rates steady, saying it would “look through” the Middle East war’s immediate inflation impact as it kept focus on downside growth risks.

Officials led by Governor Tiff Macklem kept the policy rate at 2.25% on Wednesday, matching expectations of markets and a majority of economists in a Bloomberg survey.

Read Full Report
January 30, 2026
SGH Insight

The RBA is now positioned to tighten rates next week, with a fourth quarter inflation data showing persistent underlying inflation and labor market tightness leaving little room for patience. The Bank hopes a modest 25 bps February hike will signal the Board’s intent to reinforce its inflation fighting credibility and contain upside risks, even as it maintains flexibility to pause thereafter. Policymakers are clearly focused on sustained disinflation, not temporary dips, and are prepared to act if inflation does not return toward the 2–3 % target.

Market Validation

Bloomberg 2/3/26
Australia’s central bank raised its key interest rate Tuesday after judging inflation pressures were persistent enough to warrant renewed restraint but not strong enough to signal further hikes are possible.
While it warned in its statement that “inflation is likely to remain above target for some time,” Governor Michele Bullock in a briefing avoided any hints that further tightening was possible.
“I don’t know if it’s in a cycle, certainly it’s an adjustment,” she said when asked if the bank was in a new tightening phase. “We are in a position where we think we might be around neutral.” “It’s not clear one way or the other,” she said.

Read Full Report
January 28, 2026
SGH Insight

Bottom Line: Uncertainty has risen sharply in the euro area, while a stronger euro threatens to durably lower inflation below projections. Some officials will stress this could dent consumer confidence and business investment, interrupting the stronger growth and on-target inflation path. As long as these factors do not impact hard economic data most officials will continue to convey that solid growth and sticky inflation trending to 2% will keep the ECB in its current place. Communications will, however, put greater emphasis now on “optionality” and data-dependence.

Market Validation

Bloomberg 2/5/26
The European Central Bank kept interest rates unchanged as officials assess the economic toll of a rally in the euro and renewed trade unpredictability.
The deposit rate was left at 2% on Thursday — as predicted by all economists in a Bloomberg survey. The ECB didn’t offer guidance on future steps, reiterating that incoming data will steer decision-making.
“The economy remains resilient in a challenging global environment,” it said in a statement. “At the same time, the outlook is still uncertain, owing particularly to ongoing global trade policy uncertainty and geopolitical tensions.”

Read Full Report
January 26, 2026
SGH Insight

The Bank of Canada (BOC) enters its January 28 policy meeting having parked its policy rate at 2.25%, near the lower end of its estimated neutral range, with guidance that will firmly push back against speculation about rate hikes until downside risks, including those associated with trade, abate.

Crucially, sustained trade tension between the US and Canada, particularly if Canada advances a China deal and the US responds with punitive tariffs, would lock out any prospect of rate hikes this year and re-center the policy debate on downside risks.

In that environment, easing would become materially more likely than tightening, even if the Bank initially opts to stay on hold.

Market Validation

Dow Jones OTTAWA 1/28/26
The Bank of Canada on Wednesday kept its policy rate unchanged at 2.25% in a second-consecutive decision, and warned the level of uncertainty stemming from U.S. trade policy and geopolitical risks has ramped up.
The consensus among senior officials “was that elevated uncertainty makes it difficult to predict the timing or direction of the next change in the policy rate,” Gov. Tiff Macklem said. Prior to Wednesday, most economists surveyed by the Journal predicted the central bank would hold the policy rate steady through 2026.
Macklem said U.S. trade policy continued to disrupt the domestic economy. Central-bank officials project that economic growth stalled in the fourth quarter, after a surprise jump in the previous quarter buoyed by net trade.

Read Full Report
January 25, 2026
SGH Insight

The Fed will leave interest rates unchanged this week. The December SEP revealed that FOMC participants remain biased in favor of modest rate cuts this year if inflation falls as anticipated, but there is no urgency for cuts given the Fed’s 75bps of insurance last year amidst solid economic growth, a labor market that appears to be stabilizing, and concerns that inflation will firm in the first quarter.

All eyes are on the vote count. Governor Stephan Miran will likely dissent in favor of another rate cut. Governors Chris Waller and Michelle Bowman are wildcard votes who in a pre-Trump world likely would not dissent. Bowman sounded a very dovish note in her latest speech. Still, she argued the Fed should “remain ready” to cut rates, as if she would vote for a rate cut if the consensus leaned that way but not like she was pounding the table for a cut. Waller anticipates further easing to bring policy closer to neutral if inflation falls but with growth strong and a stable labor market there is no urgent need to cut rates. Waller, however, remains in the running for Fed Chair, and Trump may take notice of a failure to dissent.

Market Validation

Bloomberg 1/28/26
Federal Reserve officials left interest rates unchanged and pointed to improvements in the US economy as they signaled a more cautious approach to potential future adjustments.
In a post-meeting statement, policymakers said “job gains have remained low, and the unemployment rate has shown some signs of stabilization.” Officials also dropped language pointing to increased downside risks to employment that had appeared in the three previous statements.

Wall Street Journal 1/28/26
Two Fed governors — both appointed by President Trump — dissented against the decision and favored a quarter-point rate cut. The Fed’s 12-person rate-setting committee includes seven presidentially-appointed governors and five regional bank presidents who aren’t political appointees.
Powell’s term as chair ends in May, and Trump’s advisers have said he is close to naming a successor. Governor Christopher Waller, one of four finalists, opposed Wednesday’s decision. Analysts had said casting a dissenting vote may have been a precondition for keeping his long-shot candidacy viable.
Governor Stephen Miran also dissented. Since Trump named him to fill a short-term vacancy on the Fed’s board last summer, he has dissented at all four policy meetings he has attended in favor of lower rates.

Read Full Report
January 23, 2026
SGH Insight

December’s upside UK inflation surprise does little to derail what remains a clear easing trajectory for the Bank of England (BOE), as underlying disinflation, rising labor market slack, and a weakening growth backdrop continue to exert downward pressure on policy.

We still think policymakers will opt to skip cutting rates in February as they seek further confirmation on services inflation, with March looking more like a point when improving inflation dynamics and weakening labor data align.

Against this backdrop, we reiterate our rate call from late last year to expect cuts in March and July, and potentially another 25 bps cut in the second half of the year — so at least 50 and maybe 75 basis points of additional easing (see SGH 12/18/25; “BOE: Bailey Tips Vote, Easing Resumes”).

Market Validation

Bloomberg. 2/5/26
The Bank of England came within a vote of cutting interest rates and predicted inflation will fall below its target, a closer-than-expected decision that revived hopes of a move next month.
Governor Andrew Bailey was once again the swing voter in a 5-4 decision to leave rates unchanged at 3.75%, choosing to hold policy having cut at the last meeting in December. Bailey said in a statement that “there should be scope for some further reduction in bank rate this year.”
In updated forecasts, the BOE predicted inflation will be at its 2% target in April and warned of slowing growth and rising unemployment.
The Monetary Policy Committee’s decision was far more dovish than anticipated, with the close call not reflected in market pricing before the meeting for a near-zero chance of a reduction. Earlier Thursday, the pound dipped and gilt yields rose as speculation mounted over the future of Prime Minister Keir Starmer.
The pound extended losses, falling as much as 0.8% to $1.3550, and traders ramped up bets on rate cuts to price more than a 50% chance of a quarter-point move in March. They expect 45 basis points of reductions in total by year-end.

Read Full Report