Highlights

SGH reports are highly valued for helping clients understand and stay ahead of the news cycle on central banks and macro policy events that drive the global economies and financial markets.

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2026
June 02, 2026
SGH Insight

The sharp deterioration in Canada’s first-quarter growth reinforces our view that the Bank of Canada (BOC) will keep rates on hold possibly through all of 2026, as concerns over economic weakness continue to outweigh energy-driven inflation risks.

At the center of the Bank’s concern continues to be the cumulative drag from ongoing tensions in the trade relationship with the US, as we have written repeatedly, which is arguably the dominant factor shaping its policy calculus — not Iran (see SGH 5/5/26; “BOC: Energy Spikes, Rates on Hold ”).

Market Validation

Dow Jones — OTTAWA 6/10/26

The Bank of Canada left its policy rate unchanged Wednesday at 2.25%, with Gov. Tiff Macklem saying this marked the best approach to addressing the dual-sided risks of a weak economy and higher energy prices.

“We think we got the rate where we think it needs to be right now,” Macklem said at a press conference following the central bank’s fifth straight decision to hold rates steady.

The central bank expects inflation to be around 3% in the next coming months, or at the high end of its 1%-to-3% target range, due to elevated crude-oil prices. To date, Macklem said there’s little evidence of higher energy costs broadening to lift prices for other good and services. The central bank sets interest-rate policy to achieve and maintain 2% inflation.

Read Full Report
May 26, 2026
SGH Insight

Bottom Line: Schnabel has again taken the initiative to effectively confirm the ECB cannot afford to look through the energy crisis and will hike interest rates in June. The shock’s persistence, higher inflation expectations, and production costs make another hike in September part of our baseline scenario. Weaker consumer confidence and overall economic sentiment, plus the eventual re-opening of Hormuz, should limit the cycle to two hikes in 2026. But Schnabel and other hawkish officials are open to a third one if the outlook requires it.

Market Validation

FRANKFURT, Germany (AP) 6/11/26

The European Central Bank on Thursday became the first major central bank to raise interest rates in response to the Iran war as policymakers around the world including new U.S. Federal Reserve Chair Kevin Warsh wrestle with how to confront the inflation fed by sharply higher oil prices.

The ECB’s rate-setting council raised its benchmark rate to 2.25% from 2%, where it had been for a year. The move comes ahead of rate-setting meetings next week at the Fed, the Bank of Japan, and the Bank of England.

 

Read Full Report
May 25, 2026
SGH Insight

Overall, Warsh is in a challenging position. FOMC participants have turned markedly hawkish in recent weeks. A dip in oil prices will likely provide them with some relief, but it’s not the only inflationary issue they face. Our view is that persistent above target core inflation combined with firming labor markets should put a September hike firmly on the radar but assign a 40% chance of that outcome given the political pressure the Fed will face to cut rates, or at a minimum not hike before the November midterms. We place 75% odds on the scenarios that either inflation holds at 3-3.5% while unemployment falls below 4% or inflation exceeds 3.5% while the unemployment rate holds near 4.2% by the end of the year. That combination would drive a rate hike after the midterms, or the December FOMC meeting.

Market Validation

Bloomberg 6/5/26

Treasuries tumbled after US job growth topped all forecasts in May, driving traders to fully price in a Federal Reserve interest-rate hike by the end of this year.

Traders fully priced in a quarter-point rate hike by the Fed by December, and saw a roughly 60% chance of one as soon as October. Before the data, they’d expected policymakers’ next move to be a hike in March. The central bank’s key rate has been a range of 3.5% to 3.75% since December.

Read Full Report
May 19, 2026
SGH Insight

Bottom Line: A rational central bank should put a September hike into play. Moreover, that’s the current direction of travel among market participants, and a move to a neutral bias in the June FOMC statement and the possibility that some FOMC participants will pencil in a 2026 rate hike in the June SEP would reinforce that direction. Political cover for a rate hike, however, may not come until after the midterms.

Market Validation

Barron’s 5/20/26

A majority of Federal Reserve officials said at their April meeting that some policy tightening will likely be appropriate if inflation continues to run above their 2% target, according to minutes from their meeting, released Wednesday afternoon.

The notes from last month’s meeting offer the fullest account yet of how officials are weighing an inflation problem that has grown harder to dismiss, as price growth has remained above the central bank’s goal for five years.

Since the meeting, markets have priced in a growing chance of at least one interest-rate hike by year’s end, a significant shift from earlier this year.

 

Bloomberg 5/22/26

Bond traders are fully pricing in an interest-rate hike by the Federal Reserve this year, a sign of conviction in the market that incoming Chair Kevin Warsh will need to move quickly to combat inflation.

Traders boosted their bets for higher rates on Friday after Fed Governor Christopher Waller said he supports making clear the central bank’s next interest-rate move is just as likely to be an increase as a cut. Interest-rate swaps imply that the market sees the Fed’s benchmark rate at least 25 basis points higher by the end of 2026.

Read Full Report
May 14, 2026
SGH Insight

From a senior Chinese official in Beijing:

“Regarding the Iran war, the two primary issues are enriched uranium and the Strait of Hormuz. President Xi Jinping will clearly express China’s position to President Donald Trump:”

“China maintains neutrality between Iran and the US. China opposes any blockade of the Strait of Hormuz as well as the imposition of transit tolls in the Strait and calls upon both the US and Iran to simultaneously and immediately lift any restrictions on the Strait. China does not support Iran’s pursuit of nuclear weaponry but upholds Iran’s right to the peaceful use of nuclear energy. The Chinese side will continue to honor all commercial contracts signed with Iran. China will take countermeasures should the US impose sanctions on Chinese companies.”

Market Validation

Bloomberg 5/15/26

China believes the Strait of Hormuz should be reopened as soon as possible, and believes that the fundamental solution to issues concerning the strait lies in the realization of a permanent and comprehensive ceasefire, Xinhua reports, citing Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi. 

  • Wang made the remarks when briefing the press about the just-concluded Xi-Trump meeting in Beijing
  • China encourages the US and Iran to continue resolving their differences and disputes, including those related to the nuclear issue, through negotiations
  • China has been working hard to promote peace talks and will continue to play its role in pushing for an early end to the war and restoring peace in the Middle East, Wang says

 

Read Full Report
May 13, 2026
SGH Insight

Bottom Line: Market participants recognize that the case for a rate cut has all but disappeared for the foreseeable future, and it’s hard for them to ignore the inflation data even if Fed doves still try to keep a a rate cut in the forecast. The next step for Fed doves is to follow hawks with the steady rates “for some time” language. The next step for Fed hawks to escalate talk of a rate hike to include conditions necessary for a cut, to diminish any residual expectations for one. Market participants will stay focused on rate hikes as long as the mix of persistent high inflation with a resilient economy continues.

Market Validation

Dow Jones 5/22/26

Christopher Waller, a Federal Reserve governor who favored a rate cut as recently as January, said Friday that growing inflation risks mean the Fed should no longer be defaulting to plans for further rate cuts at all.

In a lecture delivered in Frankfurt, Waller said that as the conflict in the Middle East stretches on, higher costs for oil and other commodities are increasingly likely to ripple through the economy in a broader wave of sustained inflation. As a result, he said, it is time for the Fed to stop signaling that another rate cut is its most likely next move.

For the foreseeable future, holding rates steady in the current range of 3.5% to 3.75% will likely be the right course, Waller said. “I can no longer rule out rate hikes further down the road if inflation does not abate soon,” he added.

Read Full Report
May 11, 2026
SGH Insight

Bessent wants Takaichi to give the BOJ political cover to act; from Katayama, a credible signal that intervention is a bridge rather than a strategy; from Ueda, a firmer indication that June is live.

In our last report we said the BOJ punted punted a rate hike to June even as it raised inflation projections in a 6-3 board vote, and again choosing to ignore inflation in the face of heightened uncertainty, using the the war on Iran to sidestep a rate hike (see SGH 4/28/26; “BOJ: Hesitates On Hike”).

What emerges publicly from this round of meetings in the form of new official language on the economy and currency may well be read by markets as the clearest signal yet that a June rate rise is no longer merely possible but probable.

Market Validation

Dow Jones – TOKYO 5/12/2026

The U.S. and Japan have reaffirmed their commitment to
working closely together to monitor the currency market, Japan’s finance
minister said after meeting with Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent.

“We discussed financial market movements, including foreign exchange rates, in
light of the situation in the Middle East. Regarding recent currency moves, we
confirmed that Japan and the U.S. have been able to coordinate very well,”
Finance Minister Satsuki Katayama said at a news conference.

Bloomberg 5/12/2026

The Bank of Japan signaled the possibility
of a hike to its benchmark rate next month with a summary of
views from last month’s board meeting that conveyed concerns
over upside inflation risks stemming from the conflict in the
Middle East.
“It is quite possible that the bank will raise the policy
interest rate from the next monetary policy meeting onward, even
if the future course of the situation in the Middle East remains
unclear,” one board member said, according to a summary of
opinions from the April meeting released Tuesday.

Read Full Report
May 07, 2026
SGH Insight

The next and probably last such “trilogue” meeting is scheduled for May 19. It is likely to be the one at which they reach a compromise on a legal text that will then be rubber-stamped by EU governments and passed by the European Parliament plenary session in mid-June.
Sefcovic said he has been in touch with US Trade Representative Jamieson Greer to keep him updated on the procedural steps and make clear the EU was honoring its part of the bargain, and to urge him not to implement the 25% tariff on autos threatened by US President Donald Trump.

Market Validation

Bloomberg 5/7/26

President Trump says he is giving the EU until July 4 to “deliver their side of the Deal and, as per Agreement, cut their Tariffs to ZERO” otherwise US “tariffs would immediately jump to much higher levels.”

Read Full Report
May 05, 2026
SGH Insight

The European Central Bank’s (ECB) April monetary policy meeting reinforced the consensus among most Governing Council (GC) members to hike interest rates by 25 basis points at its next projections meeting on June 11.

The continuation of the blockade of the Strait of Hormuz and the damage done by Iran to energy infrastructure in Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UAE have rapidly boosted energy prices in the euro area, and this is spreading to industrial products.

Market Validation

New York Times 6/11/26

The European Central Bank raised interest rates for the first time since 2023. It expects inflation to run hotter than previously thought, and downgraded its forecast for economic growth.

The European Central Bank raised interest rates on Thursday, becoming the first major central bank to act to rein in rising inflation set off by the war in the Middle East.

Read Full Report
April 30, 2026
SGH Insight

Bottom Line: The ECB is leaning towards a rate hike at its next policy meeting on June 11. The persistence of the US-Iran conflict and the blockade of the Strait of Hormuz is contributing to rapidly higher energy and headline inflation, which is boosting consumers’ inflation expectations and firms’ price selling expectations. President Lagarde signaled again today the duration of the conflict will be a key factor. Only a rapid peace deal and lower commodity prices could avoid a hike in June. 

Market Validation

Bloomberg 6/11/26

The European Central Bank raised interest rates for the first time in almost three years, concluding it can no longer wait out the Iran war as inflation pressures intensify.

The deposit rate was lifted to 2.25% from 2%, as anticipated by economists and investors who foresee another quarter-point move in September. The ECB was cautious, however, reiterating that it won’t pre-commit to future action.

Read Full Report
April 28, 2026
SGH Insight

Final Thoughts Ahead of the FOMC

We have been anticipating that the Fed will not update the FOMC statement language tomorrow to eliminate the suggestion that the next move is a rate cut, even though the growing sentiment among FOMC members is that the Fed won’t cut rates again this year. That still holds.

 

Bottom Line: Assuming the Fed retains its existing guidance, Powell will likely sound hawkish relative to that guidance and make clear that rate cuts are not being considered anytime soon. Note that by pushing through cuts last year, Powell reduced the scope for Warsh to cut rates further and, even worse for Warsh, if the Fed made a policy error by cutting rates last year, Powell set Warsh up to hike rates. Needless to say, such a turn of events wouldn’t please President Donald Trump.

Market Validation

Wall Street Journal — WASHINGTON — 4/29/26

Federal Reserve officials extended an interest-rate pause on Wednesday that revealed bigger divisions over whether to hint that further interest rate cuts are possible, marking a contentious conclusion to Jerome Powell’s eight-year chairmanship.

Officials held their benchmark federal-funds rate steady in a range of 3.5% to 3.75% and, in their policy statement, made no changes to language adopted last fall that signaled the next move in rates was more likely to be down than up.

 

Wall Street Journal 4/29/26

Wall Street traders are betting that there is a small chance that the Federal Reserve will raise interest rates this year, after central bank officials sent some hawkish signals on Wednesday.

Interest-rate futures showed Wednesday afternoon that traders see a 11% chance that the Fed will raise rates this year, according to CME Group data, up from 5% earlier in the day and zero percent on Tuesday. The chance of a rate cut was hovering around 2%.

The Fed on Wednesday maintained language in its policy statement suggesting that an interest-rate cut is more likely than a rate hike in the months ahead. However, three Fed presidents formally objected to that language, and Fed chair Jerome Powell indicated that it could be removed as soon as the next meeting, as inflation remains stubbornly high.

Read Full Report
April 26, 2026
SGH Insight

Monday Morning Notes, 4/27/26

If You Don’t Have Time This Morning

Powell will likely stay at the Fed as governor for at least some after his term as Chair ends.Journalists will press Powell to disclose plans for when his time as Chair ends next month. Tillis will drop his blockade against Warsh’s nomination, allowing Warsh to ascend to the helm of the Fed. Although Tillis sees the investigation as “fully and completely ended,” he also acknowledged that Powell may want to stay until the DOJ at least finishes the appeal process, seemingly an implicit acknowledgement that Powell will stay. Powell could also choose to wait until the Fed’s inspector general completes its report.

Market Validation

New York Times 4/29/26

Jerome H. Powell cited lingering legal threats against him and the Federal Reserve in explaining his decision to remain at the central bank.

Jerome H. Powell said on Wednesday that he would stay on as a governor at the Federal Reserve after his term as chair ends May 15,citing lingering legal threats against him and the central bank as part of a pressure campaign by President Trump for lower borrowing costs.

“After my term as chair ends on May 15, I will continue to serve as a governor for a period of time to be determined,” Mr. Powell said at a news conference on Wednesday.

Mr. Powell pointed to the legal attacks on the Fed as the reason for his decision.

Read Full Report
April 24, 2026
SGH Insight

Over European Central Bank (ECB) officials are stressing they need more time to assess the economic impact of the Strait of Hormuz crisis on the euro area economy. Most Governing Council (GC) members agree the ECB should not rush to increase interest rates, highlighting the central bank is well-positioned to respond to the energy shock and can afford to adopt a wait-and-see strategy.

In the press conference following the monetary policy meeting on April 30, we expect ECB President Christine Lagarde will continue conveying it is too soon to determine the shock’s magnitude and persistence, and therefore premature to implement an interest rate hike. Lagarde will add that uncertainty remains high and that the GC will stick to its meeting-by-meeting approach, keeping the door open, but not committing to a rate hike in June.

Bottom Line: At this point, the length of the US-Iran conflict is the key determinant of the ECB’s interest rate path. A rapid resolution, and lower energy prices in the context of a weakened economic outlook would make a rate hike in June less likely. In contrast, the resumption of hostilities and the continued blockade of Hormuz would make a hike almost unavoidable.

Market Validation

Bloomberg 4/30/26

The European Central Bank kept interest rates unchanged, with officials signaling they need more time to assess the extent of the Iran war’s jolt to the economy.

The deposit rate was left at 2%, where it’s been since June 2025 and in line with the predictions of all analysts in a Bloomberg survey. The ECB offered no guidance on future decisions, reiterating it will act one meeting at a time based on information as it arrives.

“The upside risks to inflation and the downside risks to growth have intensified,” the Governing Council said on Thursday in a statement. “The Governing Council remains well positioned to navigate the current uncertainty.”

Bloomberg 4/30/26

European Central Bank policymakers are likely to raise interest rates at their next meeting in June unless there are positive developments on energy prices and ending the Iran war, according to people familiar with the situation.

Should the fighting persist, there’s only a very small chance a hike can be avoided, said the people, asking not to be identified discussing private talks. They stressed, however, that nothing has been decided and the situation can change quickly.

Read Full Report
April 20, 2026
SGH Insight

Araghchi maintained that given the Trump administration’s “complete lack of credibility” and the significant differences between Iran and the US on issues such as nuclear, the Strait of Hormuz, and reparations, the second round of talks is unlikely to yield substantial results. The only possible, and perhaps best-case, outcome is for both sides to extend the negotiation period again, perhaps for another two weeks. [Note — We are not sure if this would trigger another round of strikes by Trump, but suspect it will depend on the tenure of the negotiations].

Market Validation

Truth Social April 21, 2026
@realDonaldTrump
STATEMENT OF PRESIDENT DONALD J. TRUMP:
Based on the fact that the Government of Iran is seriously
fractured, not unexpectedly so and, upon the request of Field
Marshal Asim Munir, and Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif, of
Pakistan, we have been asked to hold our Attack on the Country
of Iran until such time as their leaders and representatives can
come up with a unified proposal. I have therefore directed our
Military to continue the Blockade and, in all other respects,
remain ready and able, and will therefore extend the Ceasefire
until such time as their proposal is submitted, and discussions
are concluded, one way or the other. President DONALD J. TRUMP

 

Read Full Report
April 19, 2026
SGH Insight

Between acknowledgement that the breakeven pace of job growth has fallen to zero and the Iran war, Fed doves have moved toward hawks and delayed any expectations of rate cuts until later this year. While Fed hawks might see the case for two-sided risks to policy rates, doves still see the risks as one sided. We don’t see Fed doves as willing to seriously consider risks as two-sided until they see a more durable turn in the labor market. While we see the possibility for such a turn, it’s not yet evident in the top line data in a way that would be convincing to Fed doves.

Market Validation

Wall Street Journal 4/29/26

Fed Chair Jerome Powell tells reporters that given the high uncertainty surrounding the conflict in the Middle East, the central bank is well positioned to wait when it comes to monetary policy. “We think our policy rate is in a good place,” said Powell. “Nobody’s calling for a hike right now-it’s really going to depend on how things evolve.”

“The labor market is probably cooling off a little bit,” he noted.

Read Full Report
April 16, 2026
SGH Insight

Bottom line: The Iran-driven oil shock is likely to prompt further near-term tightening, with a May hike and the potential for one additional move later in the year. Though inflation may spike toward 5-6% in the near term as structural factors may keep it closer to 3% over the medium term, the largely supply-driven nature of the current shock and concerns about demand destruction will limit RBA tightening to what is necessary to anchor expectations rather than see the Bank embark on a prolonged hiking cycle.

Market Validation

Bloomberg 5/5/26

Australia’s central bank raised its key
interest rate for a third consecutive meeting, with Governor
Michele Bullock signaling policymakers would now pause to assess
next steps..
The rate hikes give the RBA scope to determine its next
move, with policymakers watching if inflation expectations will
stay anchored, Bullock told reporters.

Read Full Report
April 08, 2026
SGH Insight

The second important implication is that the dispute today over whether the cease-fire includes Israel’s attacks on Hezbollah in Lebanon, which have continued and led to Iran halting the passage of ships through Hormuz, may be in the rear-view mirror sooner rather than later, despite the hard anti-Israel rhetoric emanating today out of an emboldened leadership in Iran.

We are not sure how this is resolved but assume the massive step up overnight of Israeli attacks on Lebanon reflects a desire to create as much of a buffer space on the border before the US weighs in to curtail further strikes.

Market Validation

Bloomberg 4/9/26

President Trump called Benjamin Netanyahu yesterday and asked him to scale back Israel’s strikes in Lebanon to ensure the success of the Iran negotiations,NBC reports, citing an unidentified senior administration official.

  • Israel agreed “to be a helpful partner,” the official tells NBC

@BarakRavid

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu: In light of Lebanon’s repeated requests to open direct negotiations with Israel, I instructed yesterday to begin direct negotiations with Lebanon as soon as possible

Read Full Report
April 08, 2026
SGH Insight

The Bank of Canada (BOC) is more likely to remain on hold this year than to deliver rate hikes, despite market pricing implying almost 50 basis points of tightening over the course of 2026.

To be fair to markets, that pricing reflects elevated oil-related risk premia and is, in part, a spillover effect from tighter global financial conditions.

But Canada’s domestic macroeconomic challenges have not materially changed so the bar for tightening is high. We expect the Bank to continue to push back against premature rate hike expectations.

Market Validation

Dow Jones – OTTAWA 4/29/26

The Bank of Canada on Wednesday kept its main interest rate unchanged at 2.25%, and signaled the rate may stay close to that level so long as the economy evolves as forecast.

The central bank’s quarterly forecast expects that inflation peaks in April at around 3% and assumes crude-oil prices fall to $75 a barrel by mid-2027. The forecast also anticipates no changes in U.S. tariffs on Canadian goods — so neither a breakthrough on U.S.-Canada trade talks nor an escalation in U.S. levies.

Overall, the Bank of Canada largely kept its growth forecast intact, noting the economy stands to benefit from current geopolitical volatility as a net exporter of crude oil. The economy resumed growth in early 2026 after a contraction in fourth quarter, the central bank said.

Read Full Report
April 06, 2026
SGH Insight

As relayed from Beijing:

To prevent the ongoing US-Israel war against Iran from escalating into a regional war or even drawing in China, Russia, and European nations, Beijing and Moscow have recently engaged in intensive diplomatic consultations regarding the situation in the Middle East. China’s president Xi Jinping and Russia’s president Vladimir Putin have each, through special channels, attempted to persuade US President Donald Trump and Iran’s new Supreme Leader Mojtaba Khamenei to implement an immediate ceasefire and return to the negotiating table.

The strongest signals Xi and Putin sent to Trump and Khamenei were, respectively, do not launch a ground war against Iran, and do not close the Strait of Hormuz.

Market Validation

Bloomberg 4/8/26

A Chinese diplomat said Beijing had made its
“own efforts” in pushing for a ceasefire between the US and
Iran, shortly after Donald Trump credited China with playing a
pivotal role in that deal.
Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Mao Ning on Wednesday
listed the efforts her country had made in recent weeks to
deescalate the conflict at a regular briefing in Beijing,
without directly addressing reports China helped convince Tehran
to reach the truce.
“China has consistently advocated for a ceasefire and to
resolve the conflict through political and diplomatic means, and
to achieve long-term stability in the Gulf and Middle East
region,” she said, when asked about the detente. “China made its
own efforts in this regard.”

Read Full Report